Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Line an 8x8- or 9x9-inch baking pan with parchment paper, leaving some overhang on two sides to create a sling, or lightly grease the pan. The parchment overhang makes it easy to lift the baked bars out for slicing.
1 baking pan (8x8-inch or 9x9-inch)
In a large mixing bowl, stir together the rolled oats, all-purpose flour, packed light brown sugar, baking powder, fine sea salt, and 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon. Break up any clumps of brown sugar with your fingers or a fork so the mixture is evenly combined.
1 1/2 cups old-fashioned rolled oats, 1 1/4 cups all-purpose flour, 3/4 cup light brown sugar, 1/2 teaspoon baking powder, 1/2 teaspoon fine sea salt, 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
Pour the melted, slightly cooled butter and vanilla extract into the dry mixture. Stir until the mixture is evenly moistened and crumbly. It should hold together when squeezed in your hand but still break apart easily.
3/4 cup unsalted butter, 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
Set aside about 1 1/2 cups of the oat mixture for the crumble topping. Tip the remaining mixture into the prepared pan and press it down firmly into an even layer to form the crust, using the bottom of a measuring cup or glass to pack it tightly, especially into the corners.
Peel, core, and finely chop the apples into small pieces, about 1/4-inch cubes. Smaller pieces cook more evenly and give a cohesive filling that slices cleanly.
3-4 medium apples
In a medium bowl, combine the chopped apples, granulated sugar, lemon juice, 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon, ground nutmeg (if using), and cornstarch. Toss until the apples are evenly coated and no dry cornstarch remains.
3-4 medium apples, 2 tablespoons granulated sugar, 1 tablespoon lemon juice, 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon, 1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg, 1 tablespoon cornstarch
Spread the apple filling evenly over the pressed oat crust, distributing it right up to the edges. Sprinkle the reserved oat crumble mixture evenly over the apples, leaving a mix of larger clusters and smaller crumbs. If using nuts, scatter the chopped walnuts or pecans over the top and press very lightly so they adhere.
1/4 cup chopped walnuts or pecans
Bake on the middle rack of the oven for 35–45 minutes, or until the topping is golden brown and the apple filling is bubbling gently around the edges. Check starting around 32 minutes; glass pans may need a few extra minutes.
Remove the pan from the oven and let the apple crisp bars cool in the pan on a wire rack for at least 1 hour so they can set. Once mostly cool, use the parchment sling to lift the slab out of the pan onto a cutting board. Slice into 12–16 bars, depending on your preferred size. For the cleanest edges, chill the bars for 30–45 minutes before cutting and use a sharp, thin knife.